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1 Hancock, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 May 1786 Marlborough, Wiltshire, Englandd. 26 March 1865 Stoke Newington, London, England[br]English founder of the British rubber industry.[br]After education at a private school in Marlborough, Hancock spent some time in "mechanical pursuits". He went to London to better himself and c.1819 his interest was aroused in the uses of rubber, which until then had been limited. His first patent, dated 29 April 1820, was for the application of rubber in clothing where some elasticity was useful, such as braces or slip-on boots. He noticed that freshly cut pieces of rubber could be made to adhere by pressure to form larger pieces. To cut up his imported and waste rubber into small pieces, Hancock developed his "masticator". This device consisted of a spiked roller revolving in a hollow cylinder. However, when rubber was fed in to the machine, the product was not the expected shredded rubber, but a homogeneous cylindrical mass of solid rubber, formed by the heat generated by the process and pressure against the outer cylinder. This rubber could then be compacted into blocks or rolled into sheets at his factory in Goswell Road, London; the blocks and sheets could be used to make a variety of useful articles. Meanwhile Hancock entered into partnership with Charles Macintosh in Manchester to manufacture rubberized, waterproof fabrics. Despite these developments, rubber remained an unsatisfactory material, becoming sticky when warmed and losing its elasticity when cold. In 1842 Hancock encountered specimens of vulcanized rubber prepared by Charles Goodyear in America. Hancock worked out for himself that it was made by heating rubber and sulphur, and obtained a patent for the manufacture of the material on 21 November 1843. This patent also included details of a new form of rubber, hardened by heating to a higher temperature, that was later called vulcanite, or ebonite. In 1846 he began making solid rubber tyres for road vehicles. Overall Hancock took out sixteen patents, covering all aspects of the rubber industry; they were a leading factor in the development of the industry from 1820 until their expiry in 1858.[br]Bibliography1857, Personal Narrative of the Origin and Progress of the Caoutchouc or Indiarubber Manufacture in England, London.Further ReadingH.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87.LRD -
2 Hancock, Walter
[br]b. 16 June 1799 Marlborough, Wiltshire, England d. 14 May 1852[br]English engineer and promoter of steam locomotion on common roads.[br]He was the sixth son of James Hancock, a cabinet-maker and merchant of Marlborough, Wiltshire. Initially Walter was apprenticed to a watchmaker and jeweller in London, but he soon turned his attention to engineering. In 1824 he invented a steam engine in which the cylinder and piston were replaced by two flexible bags of several layers of canvas and rubber solution, which were alternately filled with steam. The engine worked satisfactorily at Hancock's works in Stratford and its simplicity and lightness suggested its suitability for road carriages. Initial experiments were not very successful, but Hancock continued to experiment. After many trials in and around London, the Infant began a regular run between Stratford and London in February 1831. The following year he built the Era for the London and Brighton Steam Carriage Company. The Enterprise was next put on the road, by the London and Paddington Steam Carriage Company in April 1833. The Autopsy started to run from Finsbury Square to Pentonville in October of the same year and ran alternately with the Erin between the City and Paddington. Hancock's interest in steam road locomotion continued until about 1840, by which time he had built ten carriages. But by then public interest had declined and most of the companies involved had failed. Later, he turned his attention to indiarubber, working with his brother Thomas Hancock. In 1843 he obtained a patent for cutting rubber into sheets and for a method of preparing a solution of rubber.[br]Bibliography1838, Narrative of Twelve Years of Experiments (1824–1836) Demonstrative of the Practicability and Advantages of Employing Steam Carriages on Common Roads, London.IMcN -
3 Boulsover, Thomas
[br]b. 1704d. 1788[br]English cutler, metalworker and inventor of Sheffield plate.[br]Boulsover, originally a small-scale manufacturer of cutlery, is believed to have specialized in making knife-handle components. About 1742 he found that a thin sheet of silver could be fused to copper sheet by rolling or beating to flatten it. Thus he developed the plating of silver, later called Sheffield plate.The method when perfected consisted of copper sheet overlaid by thin sheet silver being annealed by red heat. Protected by iron sheeting, the copper and silver were rolled together, becoming fused to a single plate capable of undergoing further manufacturing processes. Later developments included methods of edging the fused sheets and the placing of silver sheet on both lower and upper surfaces of copper, to produce high-quality silver plate, in much demand by the latter part of the century. Boulsover himself is said to have produced only small articles such as buttons and snuff boxes from this material, which by 1758 was being exploited more commercially by Joseph Hancock in Sheffield making candlesticks, hot-water pots and coffee pots. Matthew Boulton introduced its manufacture in very high-quality products during the 1760s to Birmingham, where the technique was widely adopted later. By the 1770s Boulsover was engaged in rolling his plated copper for industry elsewhere, also trading in iron and purchasing blister steel which he converted by the Huntsman process to crucible steel. Blister steel was converted on his behalf to shear steel by forging. He is thought to have also been responsible for improving this product further, introducing "double-shear steel", by repeating the forging and faggoting of shear steel bars. Thomas Boulsover had become a Sheffield entrepreneur, well known for his numerous skills with metals.[br]Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1937, Matthew Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (describes Boulsover's innovation and further development of Sheffield plate).J.Holland, 1834, Manufactures in Metal III, 354–8.For activities in steel see: K.C.Barraclough, 1991, "Steel in the Industrial Revolution", in J.Day and R.F.Tylecote (eds), The Industrial Revolution in Metals, The Institute of Metals.JD -
4 Chemical technology
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5 Park Street Church
IЦерковь в центральной части г. Бостона, шт. Массачусетс, на углу улиц Парк [Park Street] и Тремонт [Tremont Street], недалеко от парка "Бостон Коммон" [Boston Common]. Построена в 1809 по образцу одной из лондонских церквей архитектора К. Рена [Wren, Christopher]. В этой церкви в 1829 произнес известную речь против рабства У. Л. Гаррисон [ Garrison, William Lloyd], 4 июля 1831 здесь впервые публично исполнялся гимн "Америка" ["America", "My country, 'tis of thee"]. Здание иногда называют "Сернистым углом" [Brimstone Corner], поскольку в период англо-американской войны 1812-14 [ War of 1812] в ее подвале хранился порох. За церковью находится Старое кладбище [(Old) Granary Burying Ground], на котором похоронены Дж. Хэнкок [ Hancock, John], Т. Пейн [ Paine, Thomas], С. Адамс [ Adams, Samuel], П. Ревир [ Revere, Paul], родители Б. Франклина [ Franklin, Benjamin]IIЦерковь в центральной части г. Бостона, шт. Массачусетс, на углу улиц Парк [Park Street] и Тремонт [Tremont Street], недалеко от парка "Бостон Коммон" [Boston Common]. Построена в 1809 по образцу одной из лондонских церквей архитектора К. Рена [Wren, Christopher]. В этой церкви в 1829 произнес известную речь против рабства У. Л. Гаррисон [Garrison, William Lloyd], 4 июля 1831 здесь впервые публично исполнялся гимн "Америка" ["America", "My country, 'tis of thee"]. Здание иногда называют "Сернистым углом" [Brimstone Corner], поскольку в период англо-американской войны 1812-14 [War of 1812] в ее подвале хранился порох. За церковью находится Старое кладбище [(Old) Granary Burying Ground], на котором похоронены Дж. Хэнкок [Hancock, John], Т. Пейн [Paine, Thomas], С. Адамс [Adams, Samuel], П. Ревир [Revere, Paul], родители Б. Франклина [Franklin, Benjamin]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Park Street Church
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6 John
John [dʒɒn]Bible Jean m;∎ the Gospel According to (Saint) John l'Évangile selon saint Jean;∎ (Saint) John the Baptist (saint) Jean-Baptiste►► humorous John Barleycorn = personnage symbolisant l'alcool, notamment le whisky;John Birch Society = organisation conservatrice américaine, particulièrement hostile au communisme, influente dans les années 50-60;John Bull John Bull (personnification de la nation anglaise, du peuple anglais);American John Doe (average person) l'Américain m moyen, ≃ Monsieur Dupont; familiar (unidentified man → under arrest) inconnu□ m; (corpse) mort m non identifié□ ;Ichthyology John Dory saint-pierre m inv;American familiar John Hancock, John Henry signature□ f, griboullis m;∎ to lay one's John Hancock = apposer sa signature au bas d'un document;John Lackland Jean sans Terre;John o'Groats = village d'Écosse qui marque le point le plus septentrional de la Grande-Bretagne continentale; -
7 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
8 Land transport
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertHamilton, Harold LeeIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMa JunMorris, William RichardSauerbrun, Charles de -
9 Essex Junto
ист"Эссекская хунта"Группа, включавшая наиболее консервативных, экстремистски настроенных землевладельцев-федералистов [ Federalists] из округа Эссекс [Essex County], шт. Массачусетс, из числа сторонников А. Гамильтона [ Hamilton, Alexander], выступавших против массачусетских радикалов в период Войны за независимость [ War of Independence]. Впервые собралась в апреле 1778 с целью обсуждения проекта конституции Массачусетса. У членов группы возникли планы выделения Новой Англии [ New England] из Союза [ Union], и они увидели в вице-президенте Бэрре [ Burr, Aaron] возможного союзника, который, в свою очередь, надеялся, выиграв на выборах пост губернатора штата Нью-Йорк, вывести его из состава Союза в новую северную конфедерацию [ Burr Conspiracy]. В 1804 Эссекской группе было предъявлено обвинение в организации заговора, направленного на отделение Новой Англии от Союза. Группа находилась в оппозиции к военной политике президента Т. Джефферсона [ Jefferson, Thomas] во время Войны 1812 [ War of 1812], когда ее стали называть "британской фракцией" [British faction], и окончательно потеряла влияние после заключения Гентского договора [ Treaty of Ghent]. Члены группы получили прозвище "хунта" от Дж. Хэнкока [ Hancock, John]. У многих американцев в то время название этой группы ассоциировалось с понятием "предательство"English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Essex Junto
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10 Stone Mountain
Монолитная скала серого гранита близ г. Атланты, шт. Джорджия. Занимает площадь в 5 кв. км, возвышается над окружающей местностью на 198 м. На северной стороне скалы высечены фигуры лидеров Конфедерации [ Confederate States of America]: президента Конфедерации Дж. Дэвиса [ Davis, Jefferson], генерала Р. Ли [ Lee, Robert Edward] и Т. Джексона [ Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)]. Все фигуры выполнены в виде всадников, а их размеры таковы, что на плече генерала Ли помещаются 30 человек. Работа была начата в 1917 автором Рашморских скульптур [ Mount Rushmore National Memorial] Г. Борглумом [Borglum, Gutzon], но прервана им в 1925. Работы продолжал скульптор О. Люкман [Lukeman, Augustus] (1925-29) и завершил в 1968 У. Хэнкок [Hancock, Walter K.]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Stone Mountain
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11 Steam and internal combustion engines
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Giffard, Baptiste Henry JacquesHamilton, Harold LeePorta, Giovanni Battista dellaBiographical history of technology > Steam and internal combustion engines
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